What it is
Quantum cryptography, particularly quantum key distribution (QKD), uses quantum mechanics to create secure communication channels. Instead of relying on computational hardness, it bases its security on the laws of physics, specifically that observing a quantum system inevitably changes its state. This ensures that any eavesdropping attempt can be detected immediately.
In QKD, two parties—commonly known as Alice and Bob—exchange encryption keys encoded in photons. If a third party, Eve, tries to intercept the photons, the disturbance introduced will reveal her presence, allowing Alice and Bob to abort the transmission. The most famous protocol implementing this concept is BB84.
Why it matters
Quantum cryptography promises future-proof security against classical and quantum attacks alike. As quantum computers evolve, traditional encryption algorithms such as RSA and ECC may become vulnerable. Quantum-safe cryptographic systems ensure that today’s communications remain secure even decades ahead.
How to reduce risk
- Stay informed on NIST’s post-quantum cryptography standardization efforts.
- Begin testing hybrid cryptography models that combine classical and quantum-safe algorithms.
- Use trusted vendors for experimental QKD implementations.
- Protect existing encrypted archives with strong symmetric keys to mitigate retroactive decryption risk.
- Develop migration strategies for future quantum-resilient systems.